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Language"Lhoba" tribespeople living in Chinese Tibet speak at least three mutually-unintelligible languages: Idu (Mishmi), a Tibeto-Burman language of uncertain classification, Bokar (Adi), a Tibeto-Burman language of the Eastern Tani branch, and Na (Bengni), a Tibeto-Burman language of the Western Tani branch. These languages are far more widely spoken in Arunachal Pradesh. Customs and dressMany customs, habits and dress of different clan members may vary. The Lhoba men in Luoyu wear knee-length black jackets without sleeves and buttons made out of sheep's wool. They wear helmet-like hats either made from bearskin or woven from bamboo stripes or rattan laced with bearskin. They also wear ornaments that include earrings, necklaces made of beads, and bamboo plugs inserted into the ear lobe. The Lhoba women wear narrow-sleeved blouses and skirts of sheep's wool. The weight of the ornaments the womenfolk wear is a symbol of their wealth, which includes shells, silver coins, iron chains bells, silver and brass earrings. Both sexes usually go barefooted. Their dress are quite similar to the Tibetan costume. The Idu men wear a sword and waterproof cane helmet, and a chignon on their hair and shields made of buffalo hide. Yidu weaponry includes straight Tibetan sword, dagger, bow and poisoned arrows.Among the Yidu Lhoba (Idu Mishmi), one of the sub-tribes is the Bebejia Mishmi. Bebejia Mishmi women are expert weavers and make excellent coats and blouses.The Idu houses are divided into a number of rooms for use of every married person. Unmarried girls and boys sleep in separate rooms. A fireplace occupies the centre of the room, round which the inmates sleep. The Idu are polygamous and each wife has their own rooms in the house. The family is organised in patriarchal principles. The inheritance of a widow is exceptional compared to a mother's.The wooden pillow of the master of the house is considered taboo to the inmates of the house as it is considered improper to sit upon it. Guests are not allowed to enter the room of the master of the house. The animal skulls preserved in the house are considered to be sacred.The slash and burn method of cultivation, known as Jhum, is the main stay of the Idus, and clearing of land is carried for every three to five years. The important crops they raised are paddy, arum, tapioca, millet and maize. Rice is the staple food supplemented by millet maize and tapioca. They also take leafy vegetables, beans, gourd, sweet potato etc. Animal flesh is considered taboo to Idu woman. The Yidu also consume "Yu", a locally brewed rice beer, and rice beer prepared by a woman during her period is taboo to a priest.The Idu calendar was based upon the menstrual period of the women and dating is done by untying one each from a number of knots put on a piece of string. Traditional village panchayat (abbala) settles all internal disputes among the tribe. Culture and religionFew Lhoba know the Tibetan language. In the past, when there was no writing, the Lhobas kept track of history through telling their descendants and tying knot codes about their past. Their literature also poses a significant influence on their Tibetan counterparts.They are known as Bokar in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India and found in Pidi and Monigong circle of Arunachal Pradesh. They trace their origin from a common forefather, Abotani. They follow the genealogy counting from Abotani as Nijum-Jumsi-Siki-Kiyor-Yorkar-Kardung-Duram-Ramdung/Ramgu/Ramgo.All Bokars groups have originated from Ramdung, Ramgo and Ramgu.They engage in barter trade with the Tibetans, trading goods like animal hides, musk, bear paws, dye and captured game for farm tools, salt, wool, clothing, grain and tea from Tibetan traders. As a result of constant trading with the Tibetans, they have been increasingly influenced by the Tibetans in their dress. Many Lhobas have converted to Tibetan Buddhism in the recent years as they traded with the Buddhist monasteries, thus frequently mixing with their indigenous Animist beliefs, which had traditionally deep roots in the tiger. Others remain Animistic, more commonly among those in Arunachal Pradesh, and their pilgrim centre of the community lies at Atho-Popu in Dibang valley. The stories about immigration mentioned is along the banks of twelve rivers in Dibang Valley, the clustered area known as Cheithu-Huluni. Among the Yidu, they traditionally believed that "Inni" is their supreme god.Festivals such as Reh are celebrated to appease the deities, who were traditionally believed to control the peace and prosperity of the people. The celebration with great fan-fare and the performance of priest dance marks the ending of the festival.There are four variants of funerals among the Yidu Lhoba (idu Mishmi), and people of different social status would choose to conduct either of the four different variants. In all variants, the Igu priest would recite mourning songs for the dead. Mithuns are being sacrificed in the Yah variant of the funeral, which lasts for three to four days.The young boys are trained to hunt at an early age. However, women had low status in society and had no inheritance rights from their husbands or fathers. The Lhoba also enjoy a subtropical/warm temperate climate. CuisineLhoba cuisine varies across regions. Staple foods are dumplings made of maize or millet flour, rice or buckwheat. In places near Tibetan communities people have tsampa, potatoes, buttered tea and spicy food. Being heavy drinkers and smokers, at celebrations the Lhobas enjoy wine and singing to observe good harvests and good luck. The buttered tea is their favorite drink. However, due to the lack of salt, they had suffered endemic goiter, caused by poor living conditions. Many were either born deaf or mute. Their population went down in decline until recent years due to this disease. Due to their low population, many of them either intermarried with the Tibetans or with the tribal groups of Arunachal Pradesh, notably the Monpa. HistoryThe area which the modern Lhoba live today was known as Luoyu (Luoyu is a name of an area in Tibet now) in medieval texts. Luoyu came under the control of Tibet from the 7th century onwards and came under frequent subjugation from the Tibetans.It is not currently known whether modern-day "Lhoba" peoples in fact inhabited Luoyu at the time of Tibetan conquest, nor whether languages spoken by modern-day "Lhoba" peoples are indigenous to this region or not. While most Tani tribespeople living in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh point to a traditional homeland in or around this region, there is currently no independent means of verification. Notes^, China Ethnicity, from Department of Statistics. Retrieved December 21, 2008^ Caidan An, Jun Liu, Jinhui Li, Tao Xie (2003). : Travel Guide.. pp. 123. ISBN 7508503740. ^ Wessels, pg 255^ Baker, pg 465^ Lamb, pg 320^ Arunachal Pradesh, 2, pp. 18, http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Jrp/pdf/jrp_133_02.pdf ^ Sun, ch 1^ Sun^ Arunachal tribes^ Xiaoming Zhang (2004). China's Tibet.. pp. 23. ISBN 7508506081. ^ Nyori ReferencesEarly Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia, 1603-1721: 1603-1721, By C. Wessels, Published by Asian Educational Services, 1992, ISBN 8120607414The Heart of the World: A Journey to the Last Secret Place, By Ian Baker, Published by Penguin, 2004, ISBN 1594200270The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between India, China and Tibet, 1904-1914, By Alastair Lamb, Published by Routledge & K. Paul, 1966A Historical-Comparative Account of the Tani (Mirish) Branch of Tibeto-Burman, By Jackson Tian-Shin Sun, University of California at Berkeley PhD Dissertation, 1993.History and Culture of the Adis, By Tai Nyori, Published by Omsons, 1993. External linksThe LhopasLhoba ethnic minortyEthnic Groups-LhobasPROPELUnreached People prayer profilesCompiling the Tibetan folktaleIdu Arts and CraftsUNESCO Cultural centreIdu Mishmi ritual danceArticles on the tribal groups of Arunachal PradeshFuneral of the Idu Mishmi, photographs Ethnic profile referencesAsia harvest profile - Bagar LhobaAsia harvest profile - Yidu LhobaAsia harvest profile - Puroikv  d  eEthnic groups in Chinaas classified by the People's Republic of ChinaAchang  Bai  Blang  Bonan  Buyei  Dai  Daur  De'ang  Derung  Dong  Dongxiang  Evenk  Gaoshan  Gelao  Han  Hani  Hezhen  Hui  Jing  Jingpo  Jino  Kazakh  Kirgiz  Korean  Lahu  Lhoba  Li  Lisu  Manchu  Maonan  Miao  Monba  Mongol  Mulao  Nakhi  Nu  Oroqen  Pumi  Qiang  Russian  Salar  She  Shui  Tajik  Tatar  Tibetan  Tu  Tujia  Uyghur  Uzbek  Va  Xibe  Yao  Yi  Yugur  ZhuangUndistinguished ethnic groups in China Categories: Ethnic groups in China | Nyingchi Prefecture | Buddhist communitiesHidden categories: "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation

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Lhoba

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A charge of Inter Milan with the after Leonard filed harmonious development, a man still plays a role in the spine, and it is the African buffalo Muntari. According to Italian media, "Sussidario" saying, White has personally confirmed that Muntari was dismissed for Inter in the winter break, plus African Na Aobin Hatchetman leased, most likely in the summer transfer. Inter Milan and Genoa in the Italian Cup final battle 1.8, the coach Leonardo rotation of Muntari to play, the African buffalo can respond to the expectations, only 15 minutes from Eto'o opened the first opportunity helps However, the second half of the 56 minutes and was replaced disgruntled entered the final, not only for the yellow card, also encouraged the Inter-bank Fushuai Baresi. This situation is intolerable Inter, although the press Muntari Leonardo with the officially apologizes to the team, Inter Milan and Bologna in the big list, yet there is no presence of Muntari. In contrast, blue-black in my career to have disappointed them also, the half-mile while the last chance, Ghana Montana just to get 3 tickets, it is a disaster for injured midfielder for Inter Milan after an interview in the Italian press, Muntari Agent suggested that the wishes of Ghanaians to leave the team. Last week, Inter Milan White charge transfer has publicly declared: "He (Muntari) the possibility to leave the team is a good player and a good person, but we respect his decision." And a day later, teammates Muntari, the English Premier League Sunderland Hatchetman Jian, an invitation to the Inter Titans fell out of favor, hoping to meet others in Sunderland. According to earlier media reports, is now Sunderland in the Premier squad Muntari with the South Africa Soccer Jersey several more teams interested in the British "Sun", Sunderland said working with the consortium in Ghana to discuss sponsorship contracts signed and Ghana, like most players certainly in this sponsorship contract ended. Sunderland area is the first way to get a lease-purchase of Muntari. But Muntari to Sunderland is not cold, the Italian media over time, which means you are more likely to join Tottenham Hotspur Hatchetman Ghana, former mentor to go over old Redknapp. "If I had to leave Inter Milan and then went to London, is the only option. Muntari said. By the way, is that regardless of where the next step in Montana where, linked to significantly reduce their heritage, In addition, Table Ao Inter Binna, another African Titans are also likely to leave after the end of the season Nerazzurri. Ao Binna this season on loan at West Ham United effectiveness and performance of the horse catching Nigeria Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup played in communist China 21 times, scored 3 goals and 7 assists, and one of the Carling Cup with Manchester United hat trick and even organized Ao Binna with the South Africa Jersey Soccer aid alone decapitated the Red Devils, and becomes attractive to the Premier League giants Liverpool have also been favored end of the season, which premiered the battle Aobin Na.

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